1-s2.0-S221457452500104X-gr1

Donna Huber on September 18, 2025

Figure 1. Cellular defense responses, humoral effector molecules and regulators of hemocyte functions in insects. In the center of the figure is a stylized image of an insect hemocyte. The arrow to the left points to the four major cellular defenses that are mediated by hemocytes. The arrow to the right points to five of the most important humoral effector molecules hemocytes produce. The upper arrow points to key receptors with functions in regulating hemocyte-mediated cellular defenses, while the lower arrow points to cytokines that regulate hemocyte functions or communication between hemocytes and other tissues. Small case statements below some headings provide brief explanations of terms while additional details are presented in the main text.